This PhD thesis focuses on exploring the issue of the criminality of software tools using a multi-disciplinary analysis from the perspective of criminology, law, and computer science.

Communities thrive on the internet where information and data is shared, exchanged and sold. Problems arise from the swapping and posting of material that can be utilized for illicit purposes. The solution is not as simple as criminalising all 'tools' that could be considered harmful, an approach by some jurisdictions. These same instruments sometimes employed for malevolent intentions can also be used to benefit and safeguard society.